@Article{CasagrandeStacSouz:2023:AsAnSe,
               author = "Casagrande, Fernanda and Stachelski, Let{\'{\i}}cia and Souza, 
                         Ronald Buss de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Assessment of Antarctic sea ice area and concentration in Coupled 
                         Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 models",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "43",
               number = "3",
                pages = "1314--1332",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "Antarctica, climate change, climate modelling, sea ice area, sea 
                         ice concentration.",
             abstract = "Sea ice is an important and complex component of the Earth system 
                         and is considered a sensitive indicator of climate change. The 
                         seasonal sea ice cycle regulates the exchange of heat and 
                         salinity, altering the energy balance between high and low 
                         latitudes as well as the ocean and atmospheric circulation. The 
                         accurate representation of Antarctic sea ice has been considered a 
                         hot topic in the climate modelling community and lacks conclusive 
                         answers. In this paper, we evaluated the ability of 11 climate 
                         models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) 
                         and Phase 6 (CMIP6) to simulate the sea ice seasonal cycle in 
                         Antarctica in terms of area (SIA) and concentration (SIC), as well 
                         as the improvements in the most recent models' version, submitted 
                         to CMIP6. The results indicated that all models are able to 
                         accurately capture the seasonal cycle of the Antarctic SIA, with 
                         the minimum (maximum) occurring in February (September). In the 
                         Weddell Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, and the Ross Sea, 
                         the simulated sea ice concentration revealed a large and 
                         systematic bias in February when compared to observations. In 
                         September, a large and systematic bias was found nearby the 
                         Southern Ocean's northern limit in the Polar Front. Several CMIP6 
                         models exhibited slight improvements on the SIA and SIC estimate 
                         over the previous version (CMIP5). All models indicated a 
                         significant sea ice loss in the coming years as a response to CO2 
                         forcing. Despite the advancements in the sea ice representation, 
                         our findings show that the models are still unable to accurately 
                         represent the regional sea ice changes.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.7916",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.7916",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Intl Journal of Climatology - 2022 - Casagrande - Assessment of 
                         Antarctic sea ice area and concentration in Coupled Model.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "06 maio 2024"
}